In 2023, the global capacity of marine energy reached 527 megawatts; derived from the kinetic energy of ocean waves, tides, salinity, and thermal differences. 

A total of 64.3 GW of global offshore wind capacity across three continents and 19 countries was in operation by the end of 2022, accounting for 7.1% of global wind power installation. Offshore wind, wave, tidal and geothermal energy are being expanded, and need to consider the design and strategic placement to minimize impacts and maximize outputs. Developing sustainable and resilient approaches to power technologies need to address the issues of cost, environmental impact, and regulations while reducing the time, cost and risks of getting projects built. 

Although federal tax credits for wind and solar have played an important role in the clean energy revolution, it has largely been driven by state policies and market forces, as innovators, investors, consumers and forward-thinkers embrace the future. This means taking advantage of the enormous potential of offshore wind and new opportunities for green hydrogen manufacturing as well as wave, tidal-stream and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) energy generation. The scaled potential of many of these technologies still need reliable long-term data, particularly in regard to how they affect marine ecosystems and coastal communities.